case-file explainers

Used-car evidence, translated.

VIN math, NHTSA recalls, crash-test ratings, and paid history reports all answer different questions. These guides help you choose the next check and understand what each source leaves unconfirmed.

Start with the VIN checklist

Read by evidence type

Every guide keeps the line clear between free NHTSA data and paid accident, title, or odometer data.

Used-car buying VIN forensics Recall repair Data comparisons

Used-car buying

Short, source-aware explainers for this part of the vehicle record.

How to check a VIN before buying a used car

A step-by-step pre-purchase checklist using free data — and what to verify before you pay.

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VIN forensics

Short, source-aware explainers for this part of the vehicle record.

How to spot a cloned or altered VIN: 7 red flags

VIN cloning and tampering, explained — including the check-digit math that catches a faked VIN in seconds.

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Recall repair

Short, source-aware explainers for this part of the vehicle record.

Do I have to pay to fix a recall?

No — and here's the federal law that makes recall repairs free, plus how to get yours done.

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What is a car recall, and what should you do?

Park-it vs. park-outside vs. standard recalls, and exactly what to do for each.

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Data comparisons

Short, source-aware explainers for this part of the vehicle record.

NHTSA vs. IIHS crash tests: what the ratings actually mean

Two different programs, two different tests. How to read both before you trust a 5-star badge.

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Free Carfax alternatives: what you can (and can't) check for $0

Compare free VIN and recall checks with separate history records, and see what remains unconfirmed.

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